ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to develop fast dispersible Ketoprofen 100mg tablets using direct compression technique. Nine different formulations were investigated using Ludipress as filler in the range of 12-48 % and Ac-di-sol as superdisintegrantin the range of 0.1-4%. Powder blends of all the formulations were tested for the determination of flow properties including Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio and Angle of Repose. Different physico-chemical parameters including thickness, diameter, hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration, dissolution and assay were performed and the results were found in the acceptable limits. F-6 was selected as the best formulation on the basis of shortest disintegration time 19 sec, 99.26 + 0.94 % dissolution and tablet weight i.e. 122.34 + 1.08 mg. Profiles comparisons were done in 0.1N HCL, phosphate buffer pH 4.5 and pH 6.8. Data were evaluated by model dependent and model- independent methods. The best formulation was found to be F-6 in 0.1N HCl having r2=0.978 in first order, r2=0.992 in Higuchi andr2=0.969 in Hixson-Crowell model and F-5 in phosphate buffer pH 4.5having r2=0.993 in first order, r2=0.991 in Higuchi and r2=0.990 in Hixson-Crowell model. F-6 and immediate release (core tablet) were taken as reference formulations for the determination of f2similarity factor. Results indicated that all the formulations were similar to the F-6 and immediate release (Reference) formulation in different dissolution media.

Key words: Ketoprofen, Fast dispersible, Direct compression, Model dependent, Model- independent.

ABSTRACT

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are related with considerable health care costs and patient inconvenience. Surgical site infections seem to be frequent and involve multiple organ system. The object of this work was to estimate various factors related with infections after surgery. In this research work the occurrence and pattern of infections in a group of patients after surgery were characterized. Data were obtained from different hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan from July to December 2009. We collected the data from 230 patients from which only 42 patients showed surgical site infections. Information’s were extracted from patient medical records, operation and diagnostic imaging reports and from the culture sensitivity test results. From 42 patients, 54.76% were male and 45.27% were female. The occurrence of surgical site infection was higher i.e. 45.23% in age group ranged from 65-80 years as compared to the other categories of age group ranged from 1-65 years. In the present study we also analyzed that diabetes 30.95% and obesity 21.42% were the major threat related with these infections. From the assessment of 42 bacterial isolates Staphylococcus Aureus 23.80% followed by Escherichia Coli 16.66%, Pseudomonas Aeroginosa and Enterobacter Species 14.28% were the main cause of these infections. In the present study we also evaluated that in 30 surgical cases 71.42% the duration of surgery were more than 2 hours. Data from clinical outcomes of patients indicated that 23 patients 54.76% showed fever and 19 patients 45.23% showed pus leaking. Present study suggested that by adopting multidisciplinary approaches such as use of sterilized methods, sophisticated surgical techniques and use of appropriate antibiotics prophylactic use can decrease the risk of these infections.

Key Words: Surgical techniques, prophylactic antibiotics, Surgical site infections.

ABSTRACT

The major goals in designing nanoparticles as a delivery system are to control particle size, surface properties and release of pharmacologically active agents in order to achieve the site-specific action of the drug at the therapeutically optimal rate and dose regimen. It is a colloidal carrier, Particulate dispersions or solid particles with a size in the range of 10-100nm, in which the drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a nanoparticle matrix physically or chemically.

Key words: Nanoparticle, Nanoclusters, Nanospheres.

ABSTRACT

The microemulsion formulations consist of one or more surfactants in combination with co-surfactant and drug dissolved in oil. Oils form a distinct core in the interior of the surfactant aggregate, resulting in enhanced solubilizing capacity of the oils with improved drug loading capacities of the microemulsion. It is well established that medium chain fatty acids influence tight junctions of the epithelial cells, and long chain fatty acids stimulate the lipoprotein synthesis and subsequent lymphatic absorption. In system containing comparable amount of oil and water, equilibrium bicontinuous structure is formed in which the oil and the water domain interpenetrate in a more complicated manner. In recent years, numerous studies have suggested that microemulsion [o/w or w/o] as have tremendous potential to enhance the bioavailability of drugs. There the present review focused on microemulsion formulation, advantage and application of microemulsion.

Keywords: Microemulsion, Structure, Advantage, Application.

ABSTRACT

It is well known that none of dosage forms either for internal use or external use can be manufactured without excipients. However, bio- availability and stability of the dosage forms are fully dependent on the type of excipients used, their concentration in the product and interaction with the active material. The detailed study of physical and chemical properties of the excipients along with their safety and the precautions to handle them must be known to the technologists undertaking the manufacture and development of dosage forms. This review focused on nature excipients, advantages and applications of nature excipients.

Keywords: Nature excipients, Advantages, Application.

ABSTRACT

The selective activation of prodrug in tumor tissues by exogenous enzyme for cancer therapy can be accomplished by several ways, including gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. The central part of enzyme/prodrug cancer therapy is to deliver drug-activating enzyme gene or functional protein to tumor tissues, followed by systemic administration of a prodrug. In this article, disadvantages and advantages associated with each approach and future perspective for improving current systems are discussed.

Keywords: Enzyme prodrug therapy, Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, Virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.

ABSTRACT

A variety of 4, 6-dichloro-N-(3-substituted phenyl)-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-amine derivatives (B1 to B6) and 4, 6-dichloro-N-(4-substituted phenyl)-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-amine derivatives (C1 to C6) were prepared by reacting cyanuric chloride with amine, substituted acetophenone and bromination of the ketone group followed by cyclization using urea/ thio urea/ thio semicarbazole/ amino guanidine. HCl/ acetamide/ benzamide to prepared the respective compounds. The structures of all the compounds were confirmed by spectral analysis. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacterial strains and fungal strains and some of these compounds have shown significant antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Keywords: 1, 3 5- triazine, cyanuric chloride, antimicrobial activity.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug by a solid dispersion technique, in order to investigate the effect of these polymers on release mechanism from solid dispersions. Clonazepam was used as a model drug to evaluate its release characteristics from different matrices. Solid dispersions were prepared by using polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG- 6000), HPMC, HPC and Poloxomer in different drug-to-carrier ratios (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 1:10). The solid dispersions were prepared by solvent method. The pure drug and solid dispersions were characterized by in vitro dissolution study. Distilled water was used as dissolution media, 1000 ml of distilled water was used as dissolution medium in each dissolution basket at a temperature of 37° C and a paddle speed of 100 rpm. The very slow dissolution rate was observed for pure Clonazepam and the dispersion of the drug in the polymers considerably enhanced the dissolution rate. This can be attributed to improved wettability and dispersibility, as well as decrease of the crystalline and increase of the amorphous fraction of the drug. Solid dispersions prepared with PEG-6000, Poloxomer showed the highest improvement in wettability and dissolution rate of Clonazepam. Solid dispersion containing polymer prepared with solvent method showed significant improvement in the release profile as compared to pure drug, clonazepam.

Key words: Clonazepam, Solid dispersions, PEG 6000, HPMC 6cps, Poloxomer 407.

ABSTRACT

A simple method for the estimation of Griseofulvin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms has been developed. Methanol was chosen as the solvent system. The λmax was found to be 293nm. The responses were linear in the range of 5-35μg/ml. The regression equation of the calibration graph and correlation coefficient were found to be y = 0.078x - 0.001 and 0.999 respectively. The %RSD values for both intraday and interday precision were less than 1%. The recovery of the drug from the sample was ranged between 99.62% and 100.49%. The proposed method was validated for precision, accuracy, intraday and interday assay. Commercial tablets containing 375mg and 250mg of Griseofulvin were analyzed by the proposed method and the results were well within the claimed limits. Further stability studies of Griseofulvin were carried out under acidic, alkaline, hydrolytic and photolytic conditions as per SIAM (Stability Indicating Assay Methods) as described by ICH.

Key words: Griseofulvin, UV spectrophotometry, Validation, Stability Indicating Assay Methods.