ABSTRACT
The frequency of life-threatening infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms has increased worldwide and is becoming an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immune compromised patients in developing countries. Due to the antimicrobial, antifungal and antiseptic effects of Tamarindus indica, the plant has an extensive ethnomedical uses. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical, antibacterial properties and antiulcer activity of tamarind leaves and seed coat extracts. The dried seeds and fresh leaves of Tamarindus indica were collected within Maiduguri metropolitan city. These were dried, powdered and extracted using water and 95% ethanol. Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity testing were conducted on the extracts, white albino rats were used for the antiulcer evaluation and antibacterial susceptibility testing was carried out using cup plate method on a nutrient agar. The extracts was found to be relatively less toxic and were tested positive for tannins, saponnins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, while alkaloids, anthraquinones and cyanogenic glycosides. The antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Tamarindus indica on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella species was found to be dose dependent. The activities of aqueous leaf extract at 500 mg/ml was found to inhibit the growth of the tested microorganisms significantly higher than 4mg/ml of gentamicin (p<0.01), while 125 to 500 mg/ml of the ethanol leaf extracts had higher inhibition potentials than gentamicin (p<0.001). The ethanol seed coat extract showed a significant protection against aspirin induced peptic ulcer and the effect is seen to be dose dependent. The extract provided protection of 33.1%, 39.25% and 52.49% at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg respectively. The ethanol seed coat and aqueous leaf extracts of Tamarindus indica showed the presence of phytochemical compounds that may be responsible for the antiulcer and antibacterial activity observed in this study.
Key words: Tamarindus indica, Antibacterial, Spasmodic, Seed coat, Leaf.

ABSTRACT

A new HPLC method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Trihexyphenidyl HCL & Trifluoperazine. Quantitative HPLC was performed with Hitachi L2130 with D2000 Elite Software with UV-Visible Detector, L-2400 PUMP, Develosil, C-18, ODS (150mm*4.6mmØ) column was used in the study. The mobile phase of water: Methanol: Acetonitrile (20:25:55) were used in this study. The conditions optimized were: flow rate (1 ml/minute), wavelength (210 nm) and run time was 13 min, column temperature was maintained at 250C. Retention time was found to be 2.75 min for Trihexyphenidyl Hcl & 6.57 for Trifluoperazine. The linearity was found to be in the concentration range of 5-25g/ml for Trihexyphenidyl Hcl & 20-60g/ml for Trifluoperazine. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies. The recovery studies with 99.18 % were indicative of the accuracy of proposed method. The precision was calculated as repeatability, inter and intraday variation (%RSD) for the drugs.

Key words: Trihexyphenidyl HCL, Trifluoperazine, Method validation, ACN, Precision.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study is an attempt to formulate and evaluate Levofloxacin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for the sustained ocular drug delivery. Solid lipid nanoparticle was prepared by hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication method using steric acid as lipid and poloxamer 188 as surfactant. Ocular irritation studies, stability studies were conducted for the selected formulations. Compatibility studies by FT-IR showed no significant interactions between drug and excipients. The comparative in-vitro study of the optimized formulation shows better release than the marketed product. The developed formulation showed satisfactorily ocular tolerance and do not have produced any signs of irritations. The formulations were stable at intermediate stability testing conditions. Levofloxacin loaded SLN were successfully prepared by this hot homogenization method. The developed formulations were stable non irritant and showed better antibacterial action. From the above study we can conclude that the developed formulation is hence suitable for sustained ocular drug delivery.

Key words: Levofloxacin, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), FT-IR, SEM, Ocular irritation.

ABSTRACT Each and every substance present on the earth possesses solubilizing power (mixed-solvency concept proposed by Maheshwari). All substances i. e. gases, liquids and solids have solubilizing power. All substances which are liquids at room temperature are known as solvents and this is very well known to us. Supercritical fluid technology is a good proof that gases have solubilizing power. In this technology, liquefied carbon dioxide gas acts as solvent to perform various functions like extraction of active constituents from herbal drugs, purification, production of nanoparticles etc. Similarly, solids also possess solubilizing power. Eutectic liquid obtained by trituration of equal proportions of menthol and thymol acts as good solvent for salicylic acid, benzoic acid, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, etoricoxib, tinidazole, cholesterol etc while the same eutectic liquid is not good solvent for satranidazole, gatifloxacin, glibenclamide, indomethacin, paracetamol, hydrochlorothiazide, famotidine etc. Similarly, ethanols, methanol, PEG 400, propylene glycol are miscible in this eutectic liquid while glycerin is immiscible. Thus, it can be said that this eutectic liquid acts as solvent. Hence, menthol (solid) and thymol (solid) possess solvent character. The present investigation is an attempt to show that solids can also be wisely used to act as solvent precluding the use of organic solvents. In a separate study, author has attempted soxhelation using phenol as solvent. The vapours of boiling phenol got condensed in extraction chamber to effect the extraction of active constituents from powder of crude drugs. The main objective of the present study is to demonstrate the solvent action of solid. Solid excipients can nicely be employed as solubilizers in the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms in solution form of poorly soluble drugs (mixed solvency concept). Present study describes the application of solvent character of melted phenol (at 50-60°C) for spectrophotometric estimation of tinidazole tablets. Solubility of tinidazole in distilled water is 5.38 mg/ml at room temperature. More than 1.2 g of tinidazole dissolves in one gram of melted phenol (at 50-60°C). In the present investigation, melted phenol (at 50-60°C) was utilized to extract out (dissolve) the drug from powder of tinidazole tablets. Distilled water was used for dilution purpose. Absorbances of standard solutions containing 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 μg/ml were noted at 318 nm against reagent blanks to obtain calibration curve. Proposed method is novel, economic, eco-friendly, rapid, free from toxicity of organic solvent, accurate and reproducible. Recovery studies and statistical data proved the accuracy, reproducibility and precision of the proposed method. The presence of tablet excipients and phenol did not interfere in the spectrophotometric estimation of tinidazole at 318 nm. Phenol does not interfere above 300 nm in spectrophotometric analysis. Key words: Mixed solvency concept, Tinidazole, Phenol, Spectrophotometric, Solid as solvent.

ABSTRACT Commonly used organic solvents for spectrophotometric analysis of water insoluble drugs include methanol, ethanol, chloroform, benzene, dichloromethane, dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, hexane etc. The main drawbacks of organic solvents include high cost, toxicity and pollution. Organic solvents have innumerous adverse effects caused by single exposure like dermatitis, headache, drowsiness, nausea, eye irritation and long term exposure causes serious effects such as neurological disorders, chronic renal failure, liver damage, necrosis, mutagenesis disorder. They should be replaced by other eco-friendly alternative sources. The present investigation is an attempt to show that solids can also be wisely used to act as solvent precluding the use of organic solvents. The main objective of the present study is to demonstrate the solvent action of solids. In the present study, a eutectic liquid obtained by triturating phenol crystals and niacinamide in 25:10 ratio on weight basis was employed to extract (dissolve) naproxen drug from fine powder of tablets. Dilution was made with distilled water to carry out spectrophotometric estimation at 331 nm without the help of organic solvent. The solubility of naproxen in distilled water at room temperature was found to be 0.09 mg/ml. The solubility of naproxen in PNM 2510 was more than 90 mg per ml of PNM 2510. Proposed method is novel, economic, eco-friendly, rapid, free from toxicity of organic solvent, accurate and reproducible. Recovery studies and statistical data proved the accuracy, reproducibility and precision of the proposed method. The presence of tablet excipients, phenol and niacinamide did not interfere in the spectrophotometric estimation at 331 nm. Phenol and niacinamide do not interfere above 300 nm. Key words: Mixed-solvency concept, naproxen, phenol, niacinamide, spectrophotometric analysis, eutectic liquid.

ABSTRACT Transungual drug delivery is considered to be highly desirable to treat nail disorders due to its localized effects, improved adherence which results in minimal adverse systemic events. Hence the effectiveness of topical therapy is limited due to minimal drug permeability through the nail plate. Nail permeability is quite low and limits topical therapy to early/mild disease states such as Onychomycosis, Leuconychia, Onychogrypos and Onychatrophia etc. Hence the absorption of drugs into the nail unit, to the nail plate, is highly desirable to treat nail disorders. Current review focuses on the anatomy of a human nail, diseases related to nail plate, altering the nail plate barrier by means of chemical treatments, penetration enhancers as well as physical and mechanical methods used to enhance the topical bioavailability of the drugs across the nail and latest trends in drug delivery across the nail. Key words: Transungual drug delivery, Nail plate, Chemical treatment, Bioavailability.

ABSTRACT

The composition masticatory tablets with oat extract and quercetin during the development stages was investigated andsubstantiated, also the technology of getting them was developed. Also, these substances of the high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) method in accordance with the requirements of the SPhU were identified and qualitatively defined. Byresults of researches the number of active substances in the developed in the pharmaceutical form was determined.

Key words: Chewable tablets, Oats extract, Quercetin

ABSTRACT Sorption techniques are widely used to remove heavy metal ions from large volumes of aqueous solutions. The series of batch laboratory experiment were carried out by using Activated Corchorus Olitorius Nano Carbon (ACONC) for the removal of copper (II) ions from aqueous solution by the adsorption process. The investigation was carried out by studying the influence of initial pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of copper. All batch experiment was carried out of constant temperature using wrist – action shaker that operated at 150 rpm. The single component equilibrium data was analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Maximum adsorption of the copper (II) ions, i.e. >90% has been achieved in aqueous solutions using 0.025g of ACONC at a pH of 6.5. The kinetic process of copper ACONC was described by applying pseudo second order rate equation, Elovich model and intra- particles diffusion. The ACONC investigated in this study carries high potential for the removal of copper ions from aqueous solution. The various thermodynamic parameters like ΔG0, ΔH0, and ΔS0 were analyzed to observe the nature of adsorption. Key words: Copper (II), Activated Corchorus Olitorius Nano Carbon (ACONC) adsorbent, batch adsorption, adsorption isotherms, kinetics and Thermodynamics.

ABSTRACTThe present research work is aimed to design oral twice a daily sustained release matrix tablets of Mebeverinehydrochloride 135mg, used for treating or preventing spasmodic conditions of the lower gastrointestinal tract which can releasethe drug for 10 to 12 hours. The tablets were prepared by the Wet granulation method using varying concentrations of sustainedrelease polymers HPMC, Eudragit and Ethyl cellulose. The compatibility of the polymers was ruled out by FT-IR studies andfound to be compatible. Total nine formulations were prepared. The Mebeverine hydrochloride powder and the powder-blendsof tablets were evaluated for their physical properties like angle of repose, bulk density and compressibility index and found tohave good flow property. The prepared tablets were evaluated for in process and finished product quality control tests includingappearance, dimensions, weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, and in vitro drug release. The dissolution mediumused was pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. All formulations showed acceptable pharmaco-technical properties and complied with inhousespecifications for tested parameters. The results of dissolution studies indicated all formulations released up to 12hoursand formulation containing Ethyl cellulose (5%) i.e. F7 was the most successful formulation with 96.72% drug release at theend of 12 hours.Key words: Spasmodic; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Mebeverine hydrochloride; Sustained release polymers; sustained release;matrix tablets formulation.