ABSTRACT A simple, economic, precise and accurate Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographical method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Acebrophylline and N-Acetylcysteine in tablet dosage form. An enable Hypersil BDS, C18, 100 x 4.6 mm, 5  particle size column was used as stationary phase. The mobile phase consisting of a mixture of buffer solution and acetonitrile (90:10) was pumped isocratically at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with detection at 260nm. The retention time of Acebrophylline and N-Acetylcysteine were found to be 5.5 min and 2.3 min respectively. The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 25-150 μg/ml with coefficient regression (r2) = 0.9995 for Acebrophylline and (r2) = 0.9996 for N-Acetylcysteine. The limits of detections were 0.18 μg/ml and 1.50 μg/ml for Acebrophylline & N-Acetylcysteine respectively. The selectivity, specificity, system suitability, ruggedness and robustness were performed as per ICH guidelines. In quantitative and recovery studies was 100.37% and 100.8% for Acebrophylline and N-Acetylcysteine respectively. The percentage RSD was found to be less than 2. Due to the simplicity, rapidity and accuracy of the method with believe that the method will be useful for routine quality control analysis of Acebrophylline and N-Acetylcysteine in pharmaceutical formulation. Key words: Acebrophylline-ACB, N-Acetylcysteine-NAC, Accuracy, RP-HPLC and Validation.

ABSTRACTIn the present investigation is mainly focused on the effect of age and seasonal variations on sperm fertility andmotility in Buffalo bulls in Libya. The present study was carried out on 20 buffalo bulls divided into four age groups, includingthree healthy (less than 4, 5-10, and more than 12 year old animals), and one abnormal group (5-10 year old bulls having poorsemen quality). The study was undertaken for a one year period divided into five seasons (dry summer, humid summer, autumn,winter and spring). Overall semen volume was varied and showed difference between age groups, although it was higher inautumn. Overall semen pH was showed variation in age and also depends on seasonal variation in different bulls. Color scorewas higher in less than 5 year old bulls. However, it was lower (P<0.05) in the abnormal group than in healthy groups but waslower in dry summer. Overall mass activity score was lower in aged bulls. However, it was very low in the abnormal than inhealthy groups. Mass activity score was higher in dry summer and spring. Overall sperm motility showed no difference inhealthy groups, but was lower in the abnormal group. The sperm activity is higher in winter than humid summer and autumn.Overall sperm concentration was higher in less than 5 year old bulls. However, it was lower in the abnormal group. Spermconcentration was higher in winter.Key words: Semen, volume, pH, color, Mass activity, Motility, Sperm concentration, Buffalo bulls.

ABSTRACT Although many muscles in head and neck are involved in mastication, the term Muscles of Mastication” is usually reserved for the four pairs of muscles (Masseter, Temporalis, Lateral and Medial Pterygoid) that are primarily responsible for moving the mandible during the communication and processing of food before swallowing. Accessory muscles include Buccinator, Digastric, Mylohyoid, and Geniohyoid. Masseter and Temporalis lie relatively superficial in the face. The pterygoid muscles are situated deep to the ramus of the mandible. Key words: Masseter, Pterygoids, Temporalis.

Swietenia mahagoni is a medicinal plant traditionally used all over the world. The present study evaluates the phytochemical and proximate composition of the leaf and also assesses antioxidant potential of the leaf. The proximate composition of the plant was evaluated by the standard methods described by AOAC. The phytochemical analysis indicates the saponins as major components in leaf (198 mg/g). Tannins, flavanoids and alkaloids were also found to be in a significant amount 94 (μg/mg), 154 (μg/mg) and 91 (μg/mg) respectively. Proximate analysis indicates the presence of significant amount of fiber (in the form of both soluble and insoluble). Elemental analysis indicates presence of magnesium, calcium and sodium at a significant level. Mahagoni leaf powder is also shown many beneficial physical properties. Antioxidant assays indicates the mahagoni leaf has potential anti-oxidant potential by the virtue of electron donating, free radical scavenging properties. The results of the study indicate mahagoni leaf as potential source of bio-actives and as powerful anti-oxidant.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was the design and evaluation of buccal patches consisting of Salbutamol sulphate. Buccal patches of about six formulations containing Salbutamol sulphate are designed by using film forming polymers such as HPMC, PVP, Sodium alginate. Glycerol 10% used as plasticizer and Solvent casting technique is adopted for the preparation of buccal patches, prepared patches were evaluated for Drug content, physical characteristics such as Folding Endurance, Surface PH, Average weight ,Thickness, Swelling Studies and % cumulative Ex-vivo release. . Cumulative % Ex-vivo drug release of HPMC and sodium alginate (4:1) combination was found to be higher than all other formulations . Hence it is having higher bioavailability. Key words: Salbutamol sulphate, Polymers, Buccal Patches, Ex-vivo release, Buccal delivery.

ABSTRACT An research has been made to formulate buccoadhesive bilayered tablets comprising of Timolol maleate containing bioadhesive layer and drug free backing layer to release the drug for extended period of time with reduction in dosing frequency. The buccoadhesive bilayer tablets of Timolol maleate, an non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, class II antiarrhythmic drug used to treat high blood pressure were prepared by direct compression method by using various proportions of mucoadhesive polymers such as HPMC K100, SCMC, PVP K30 and Sodium alginate. Ethyl cellulose was used as an impermeable backing membrane. The prepared Timolol maleate buccal tablets were characterized based upon their physico-chemical characteristics like weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, surface pH and drug content. The in-vitro swelling studies, ex-vivo buccoadhesive strength, ex-vivo permeation studies, in-vitro release studies and in-vivo release studies in rabbits were performed. The satisfactory results were obtained in all prepared formulation and based on the results TT5 [SCMC (25 mg) + Sodium alginate (12.5 mg) + PVP (12.5 mg)] was the best one when compared to other. Good correlation was observed between in-vitro and in- vivo profile with correlation coefficient value o.996, revealed the ability of the formulation to reproduce the in-vitro release pattern through the biological membrane. Stability studies of the best formulations were performed in natural human saliva and accelerated conditions showed no significant differences in physical appearance, swelling index, drug content, buccoadhsevive strength and in-vitro drug release profile. The P-value was statistically significant at <0.05. The correlation coefficient values (r) indicate that the kinetic of drug release was of zero order and the mechanism of drug release by Peppas model indicates the non-fickian evidenced with diffusion exponent values (n). Key words: Buccoadhesive, Bilayer tablet, Timolol maleate, Buccoadhesive strength, Zero order, Non-fickian

ABSTRACT Vermitechnology is a boon for eco-friendly agriculture practice. In the present study the animal wastes (dung) was (Red Sindhi variety cow and Ellichpuri variety buffalo) composted with leaf litter of Ficus religiosa. The three concentrations of probiotic were used (10%, 20% and 30%) to enhance the composting process. For each waste, viz., cow and buffalo were inoculated with 1kg earthworms (Eisenia foetida) of similar size per 800 g of waste. The total acetobacter population was screened at regular intervals (0, 15, 30 and 60 days) under identical laboratory conditions during the composting process. Total acetobacter population was found to be high in the vermicompost processed with the wastes of Red Sindhi cow variety at 10% probiotic concentration. Keywords: Vermicompost, Eisenia foetida, Probiotic, Acetobacter, Eco-friendly agriculture.

ABSTRACT Vegetables are the most important sources of essential bioactive compounds providing health benefits. To seek out the potential cheap sources of dietary bioactive compounds, ethanol extracts of six commonly consumed Bangladeshi leafy vegetables were screened for polyphenols and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Among the extracts, Lagenaria siceraria showed the highest total polyphenol content (21.45 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract), followed by Basella alba (15.51 mg GAE/g) and Coriander sativum (14.37 mg GAE/g) whereas Centella asiatica showed the lowest polyphenol content (9.62 mg GAE/g extract), aftreward Chenopodum album (12.93 mg GAE/g) and Pisum sativum (13.17 mg GAE/g). Pisum sativum showed the most potent DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 76.64 μg/ml subsequently Lagenaria siceraria 123.78 μg/ml. From the given results it can be concluded that Pisum sativum followed by Lagenaria siceraria are most potential sources of antioxidants among the six leafy vegetables. Key words: Leafy vegetables, Total polyphenols, DPPH, Ethanol extracts.

ABSTRACT Though hypertension is a problem of adults, its etiology process starts in childhood itself. To study the distribution of blood pressure among school going children and to find out the correlation between selected risk factors with raise in blood pressure among school going children of age group 6 – 14 years. A descriptive study was conducted among school going children of age group 6-14 years from three schools of Chidambaram . Convenient sampling was used to select the schools. 17.75% of children were found to have raised blood pressure. A positive correlation was found between raised blood pressure and TV viewing habits. Early diagnosis of hypertension is necessary to initiate preventive measures. Key words: Blood pressure, School going children, Risk factors.

ABSTRACTTo elucidate the inhibition mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) life cycle by ascorbicacid/vitamin c, we have investigated and compared the effect of noncytoxic concentrations of ascorbic acid on provirus HIV-1replication. Using trans-activator of transcription factor (tat) expressing cells or non-expressing cells transfected reporterplasmid, which is constructed with HIV-1-long terminal repeat (LTR) and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT), weexamined the action of ascorbic acid on tat dependent transcriptional activation of HIV-1 gene through enhancer/promoter ofHIV-1-LTR. In that expressing cells, ascorbic acid strongly reduced the levels of intracellular CAT activity in a dose dependentmanner (5 to 100 g/ml). Alternatively in non tat-expressing cells, CAT activity was reduced somewhat. Using other in vivoand in vitro experiments, ascorbic acid inhibited the activity of tat dependent HIV-1 RNA elongation, but did not inhibit activityof basal transcriptional activation of HIV-1 gene. The intracellular HIV-1 genome RNA patterns in ascorbic acid treated cellsinfected with HIV-1 showed significant differences in the synthesis and the processing of individual HIV-1 viral genome RNAscompared to the patterns of untreated controls. Tat dependent HIV-1 transcription was specifically reduced, because in contrastto HIV-1 transcription, transcriptional activities through adenovirus major late promoter, Rous sarcoma virus promoter or SV40promoter were not reduced by treatment of ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the activation of transcription factors was not affectedby treatment of ascorbic acid. These results show that ascorbic acid specifically inhibits the replication of HIV-1 on downregulationof tat dependent HIV-1 genome RNA elongation.Key words: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), RNA and DNA viruses

ABSTRACT Plants are a valuable source of a wide range of secondary metabolites, which are used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavours, fragrances, colours, biopesticides and food additives. The recent studies showed that many plants possessed cardiovascular effects. This review was designed to cover the cardiac, cardioprotective, vascular, hypolipidemic, anti platelet aggregating and antioxidant effects of Carthamus tinctorius. Key words: Carthamus tinctorius, Cardiac, Cardioprotective, Vascular, Hypolipidemic, Anti platelet aggregating, Antioxidant

ABSTRACT Many previous studies showed that medicinal plants possessed immunological effects. These plants included: Agrimonia eupatoria, Alpinia galanga, Althaea officinalis, Althaea officinalis, Althaea rosea, Avena sativa, Bauhinia variegata, Betula alba, Brassica rapa, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Caesalpinia cristaCalendula officinalis, Calotropis procera, Canna indica, Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, Carthamus tinctorius, Carum carvi and Cassia occidentalis. This review was designed to highlight the immunological effects of these medicinal plants. Key words: Medicinal plants, Immunological, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Therapeutics.

ABSTRACT The pharmaceutical Quality by Design (QbD) is a systematic approach to development that begins with predefined objectives and emphasizes product and process understanding and process control, based on sound science and quality risk management. Quality by Design (QbD) is emerging to enhance the assurance of safe, effective drug supply to the consumer, and also offers promise to significantly improve manufacturing quality performance. Quality refers to product free of contamination and delivers the therapeutic benefit promised in the label to the consumer. The Quality of the pharmaceutical product can be evaluated by in vivo or in vitro performance tests “QbD” assures in vitro product performance and In vitro product performance provides assurance of in vivo product performance. “Hence QbD relate to Product Performance”. Key words: Quality of the pharmaceutical product, Quality by Design, Contamination.

ABSTRACT Objective to explore the invitro effect of various extracts of stem bark of Ailanthus excelsa (Fam: Simmaroubaceae) on third stage larvae of gastro intestinal nematodes of sheep and goat using larval migration inhibition assay. Anthelmintic activity by Larval Migration Inhibition Assay (LMIA). The method is to incubate L3Stage in serial concentrations of the test drug on a nylon mesh, thus simulating the gut mucosal layer through which the larvae would normally migrate. The petroleum ether extract significantly inhibit larval migration 94.66% at 80 ppm/ml concentration and it is comparable to standard drug Levamizole in the same concentration, while the ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed 74% and 70.65% inhibition at the same concentration. The LMI50 values for petroleum ether, ethanolic and aqueous extracts were 45, 49 and 60 ppm/ml respectively. Further investigation by isolating the active principle responsible for the activity may provide molecule for the new potent anthelmintic drug from the plant origin with lesser side effects and can be practical and affordable way to reduce the incidence of infection by HIV and M.tuberculosis. Key words: Ailanthus excelsa, Anthelmintic, Larval migration inhibition assay (LMIA).

ABSTRACT Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that is predominantly caused by cardiovascular disorders such as coronary heart disease and hypertension. However, several classes of drugs may induce heart failure in patients without concurrent cardiovascular disease or may precipitate the occurrence of heart failure in patients with pre-existing left ventricular impairment. We reviewed the literature on drug-induced heart failure, using the MEDLINE database and lateral references. Successively, we discuss the potential role in the occurrence of heart failure of cytostatics, immunomodulating drugs, antidepressants, calcium channel blocking agents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-arrhythmic, beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, anaesthetics and some miscellaneous agents. Drug-induced heart failure may play a role in only a minority of the patients presenting with heart failure. Nevertheless, drug-induced heart failure should be regarded as a potentially preventable cause of heart failure, although sometimes other priorities do not offer therapeutic alternatives (e.g., anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy). The awareness of clinicians of potential adverse effects on cardiac performance by several classes of drugs, particularly in patients with pre-existing ventricular dysfunction, may contribute to timely diagnosis and prevention of drug-induced heart failure. Key words: cardiac failure-drugs for treatment- diclofenac-NSAID’s.

ABSTRACT Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular disorder and a major risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction and its complications are increasing disproportionately in developing countries as they undergo demographic transition. An epidemiological shift in the prevalence of hypertension in developing countries as compared to developed countries has been observed. To find out the prevalence of hypertension among the age group of 20 – 40 years in urban population, Chidambaram. 2) To find out the association between hypertension and selected risk factors (age, sex, physical activity, obesity). A community based cross sectional study was done from January 2014 – December 2014 in Urban Population Chidambaram. 600 participants aged 20-40 years were enrolled into the study. Each study subject was interviewed and examined for raised blood pressure, data on risk factors including physical activity, obesity were also collected. Data were analysed by using SPSS version 20.0. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 20.8 % . Out of the study participants, 55.2% were females and 44.8% were males, 23.3% were obese and 77.3% were doing physical activity for 2 hours or more. The selected risk factors like heavy physical activity and obesity were found to be significantly associated with hypertension. Among the risk factors of hypertension, lack of physical activity and obesity were found to be more associated with hypertension in this group. Therefore health intervention measures are warranted emphasizing on modifiable risk factors such as exercise and obesity to prevent hypertension in younger population. Key words: Cross-sectional study, Hypertension, Prevalence, Risk factors.

ABSTRACT Objective to investigate the possible effect of ethanolic extract of Tecoma stans (EETS) on learning and memory in normal and memory deficit animals in two different age groups of mice. The effect of EETS on learning and memory was evaluated using Elevated plus maze and Rectangular plus maze screening methods on young and adult mice. Three doses of EETS 5.4, 10.8 and 21.6 mg/kg, p. o were administered for 7 days and 15 days in experiments involving Elevated plus maze and Rectangular plus maze respectively in the separate group of animals. As a response to Elevated plus maze method adult and young mice showed the marked decrease in transfer latency (p<0.001) on 8th day when compared to negative control diazepam (1 mg/kg, i. P) indicates learning and retention of the learned task or memory in mice. Furthermore, in Rectangular plus maze the time taken by the mice to reach the reward chamber ‘B’ from the entry chamber ‘A’ in EETS treated animals was reduced, at 5.4 mg/kg did not show any significant impact on memory of young and old mice. Whereas extract at the dose of 10.8 and 21.6 mg/kg, p.o proved to improve the memory in young as well as old mice. This study shows that EETS possesses learning and memory improving activity by inhibiting phospholipase A2 in mice models. Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, Tecoma stans, Phospholipase A2, Elevated Plus Maze, Rectangular Plus Maze.